WORKS OF 17TH CENTURY APOLOGISTS: Resources for Study

Below are links to the works of 17th Century apologists, which are FREE!....

Most of the questions and allegations brought against Christianity today were already answered soundly by these brilliant and godly men. 

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*Clicking on the apologist's name will take you to the search results at the University of Pennsylvania's "Online Book" search.

APOLOGISTS OF THE ERA

• *Blaise Pacal (1623-1662). His Pensees should be at the top of every apologist's reading list. You can find my selected bibliography for Pascal and his Pensees here.
• *Charles Leslie (1650-1722). You can find a brief biography of Leslie and an introduction to his Short and Easy Method with the Deists at the Library of Historical Apologetics. You will also find links there where you can access this work online.
• Digital Public Library of America has 48 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--17th Century."
• The Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania) has 6 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--17th Century."

GENERAL
ONLINE RESOURCES
*Works of Dead Apologists: Resources for Study
*The Library of Historical Apologetics: An excellent resource by Dr. Timothy McGrew.
*"Juridical Apologists 1600-2000 AD: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay" by Philip Johnson
*Dead Apologists Society: An evangelical Facebook group for discussing the works of past apologists. I encourage you to join.
*"A Course of Readings in Apologetics": Dr. Timothy McGrew's recommended readings include many books from this period.
*Apologetic Methodologies Past and Present: A series of 5 lectures by Phil Fernandes. Part of the Tabor Lecture Series at Western Reformed Seminary.
*Top 10 *FREE* Classic Apologetics Books in ebook and audio
*Brief profiles of apologists from the past at Apologetics315


BOOKS
*A History of Apologetics by Avery Cardinal Dulles. You can find a 3-part review of this book here.
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 1, To 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 2, From 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint

*Christian Apologetics: An Anthology of Primary Sources, edited by Khaldoun A. Sweis and Chad V. Meister

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

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BLAISE PASCAL: Resources for Study

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) was a brilliant mathematician and scientist and an atheist. But when he came to Christ, his passion was to win his atheist friends and he began to write a unique book of apologetics for that purpose. But he died before he could finish it. His friends collected his notes for this work and published what is known as Pascal's Pensees (French for "thoughts"). 

It has become a classic that every apologist should put at the top of their reading list. I remember hearing Os Guinness saying in one of his lectures that he makes it a habit to read it every year. Peter Kreeft has said that it is an apologetic for our times. Kreeft writes: "He is three centuries ahead of his time. He addresses his apologetic to modern pagans, sophisticated skeptics, comfortable members of the new secular intelligentsia. He is the first to realize the new dechristianized, desacramentalized world and to address it. He belongs to us." (from "Pascal for Today")

This bibliography provides links to some excellent resources for learning from this brilliant and godly man who left us a legacy....

LINKS TO PASCAL'S PENSEES

*Amazon Kindle: FREE

*PDF, etc.: FREE

*Librivox MP3 audio: FREE

*Amazon: paperback 

*Audible

*Christianity for Pagans: Pascal's Pensees Edited, Outlined, and Explained by Peter Kreeft

BIOGRAPHIES OF PASCAL

*Brief Biography at Christian Classics Ethereal Library

*Long Article at the online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

*On Pascal by Douglas Groothuis. My Amazon review of this book.

OTHER RESOURCES

VIDEO

*"Pascal's Anthropological Argument" (10 minutes) by Douglas Groothuis

AUDIO

*"Pascal's Wager" by Douglas Groothuis. An excellent lecture by an expert on Pascal.
*"Arguments for God's Existence" by Peter Kreeft (78 minutes). The last half of this lecture is an excellent presentation of Pascal's Wager.
*Kenneth Samples' former podcast, Straight Thinking, contains four episodes that discuss Blaise Pascal: “Blaise Pascal: Man of Reason and Faith,” “Blaise Pascal: Two Apologetics Insights,” “Blaise Pascal: The Wager, Part 1,” and “Blaise Pascal: The Wager, Part 2.”*Apologetic Methodologies Past and Present: A series of 5 lectures by Phil Fernandes. Part of the Tabor Lecture Series at Western Reformed Seminary. One of the lectures includes thoughts on Pascal.

ARTICLES

*"Christian Thinkers 101: A Crash Course on Blaise Pascal" by Kenneth Samples. Part of an excellent series on apologists of the past.
*"The Apologetic Methodology of Pascal" by Phil Fernandes. An excellent 14-page analysis of Pascal's Pensees. FREE.

*"Pascal for Today" by Peter Kreeft. From the Preface to Christianity for Pagans: Pascal's Pensees Edited, Outlined and Explained. FREE.
*"Deposed Royalty: Pascal's Anthropological Argument" (Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society) by Douglas Groothuis. FREE.
*"A Critique of Pascal's Wager: Argument Against Natural Theology" by Douglas Groothuis. FREE.
*"The Truth About Pascal's Wager" by David Marshall. FREE.
*Last Seminary hosts five articles on "Pascal's Wager" that can be download for FREE--with brief abstracts for each.
*Last Seminary hosts 3 articles on "Pascal's Anthropological Argument" that can be download for FREE--with brief abstracts for each.

BOOKS

*Online Books Page at the University of Pennsylvania Library. FREE.

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SO-CALLED LOST GOSPELS (GNOSTIC WRITINGS): Resources for Study

Ever since the discovery of the Nag Hammadi library in 1945, there have been some who have been fascinated with the idea that perhaps they give us the true picture of Jesus--rather than the New Testament--that they are "lost gospels" that were suppressed by the orthodox members of the early church. 

But the reality is that these gnostic writings were written about a century or two later than the New Testament--long after the apostles and other eyewitnesses to Jesus had died. Furthermore, they are not gospels: there is no good news. In the gnostic writings, Jesus is not Messiah and he does not save us from our sins. In fact, they tell us nothing about Jesus. They merely write down pagan gnostic ideas and pretend that Jesus said them (and at times pretend that his disciples asked questions about them).

One of the most telling things about the gnostic writings is who they are attributed to: Thomas, Judas, Mary, Peter, Phillip, John and James. Why? Because these are the prominent characters/eyewitnesses in the canonical Gospels. In fact, they are all apostles except Mary, who the canonical Gospels present as the first eyewitness to the resurrection. In other words, the gnostics used the apostles and Mary as "talking heads" to give authority to their gnostic teaching, but they tell us nothing about the apostles and Mary. We have to find out who they are from the canonical Gospels. That is because they are assumed. They are the authoritative witnesses of the Christian faith long before gnosticism comes along. 

Furthermore, there is not a gnostic "gospel" of Matthew (or Mark or Luke) because the canon already contained those. And there is not a gnostic "Gospel of John" but rather "The Secret Book of John." This is all clear evidence that the canonical Gospels preceded them and were already well established.

Below are some excellent resources that deal with the issue of the gnostic writings:

INTRODUCTORY
VIDEO
*Bock, Darrell. "Answering Questions About Missing Gospels" (28 minute video interview on the John Ankerberg Show)

ARTICLES (& BOOK CHAPTERS)
*"The Real Jesus: The New Tesament Vs. The Gnostic Writings" by Brad Cooper. I examine 9 criteria that show why the New Testament's picture of Jesus is to be trusted but the "Gnostic" picture of Jesus cannot be.
*"Neognosticism" by Brad Cooper. A response to claims that Christianity was originally gnostic until the time of Irenaeus (late 2nd Century).
*McDowell, Josh and Sean McDowell. Evidence That Demands A Verdict (2017 edition). Chapter 5: "Gnostic Gospels and Other Nonbiblical Texts" is an excellent overview of this issue.

*Pitre, Brant. The Case for Jesus. (Chapter 5) 
*"The Gnostics & Jesus" by Tim Keller. A brief pastoral article.
*"Why the 'Lost Gospels' Lost Out" by Ben Witherington III
*Dethroning Jesus by Darrell Bock and Daniel Wallace, Claims 2 & 3, pages 77-130.
*"Apocryphal New Testament" (an article at Biblical Training that includes a section on the gnostic writings).
*Last Seminary hosts 12 articles on the non-canonical gospels that can be downloaded for FREE--with brief abstracts for each.

BOOKS
*The Truth About Jesus  and the "Lost Gospels" by David Marshall. Highly recommended.
*The Missing Gospels by Darrell Bock. Highly recommended.
*Christian History Magazine has an entire issue devoted to "gnosticism" (which is FREE in PDF).


INTERMEDIATE
AUDIO
*"The Missing Gospels" by Darrell Bock, W. Hall Harris & Daniel Wallace. A 3-part series of dialogue.
*"Apocryphal and Apocalyptic Literature": the first half hour of this lecture by Ben Witherington deals with the gnostic literature.


VIDEO
*"Did We Get Jesus Right? Jesus in the Canonical and Apocryphal Gospels": Lecture by Dr. Simon Gathercole. "A brief sketch of the message of Jesus in the four canonical Gospels will show that the key focus is on Jesus dying for sins as foretold in Old Testament Scripture. This lecture will compare that message with four well-known rival Gospels: the Gospels of Thomas, Mary, Judas, and Philip, which present an alternative route to salvation. These rival gospels and other writings contending as “true records” of Jesus cannot compete with the accounts in the New Testament. The four New Testament Gospels are the only ones sufficiently close enough in time to the events to be reliable. Comparing the particular cultural features in the New Testament Gospels with the gospels outside the BIble shows that the Gospels of Thomas, Mary, Judas and Philip come from a cultural environment quite alien from that of Jesus of history." (description from the Lanier Theological Library)


BOOKS
*Noncanonical Writings and New Testament Interpretation by Craig Evans, pages 162-168.


PRIMARY SOURCES FOR READING THE GNOSTIC WRITINGS
**Early Christian Writings: This website hosts translations and introductions for a nearly comprehensive collection of the writings of the early church and competing heretical sects from the time of the New Testament until 380AD.
*The Nag Hammadi Library. The website of the Gnostic society.
*The Complete Gospels by Robert Miller
*The Gnostic Gospels of Jesus by Marvin Meyer
*The Nag Hammadi Scriptures by Marvin Meyer and James Robinson

(SCROLL DOWN BELOW VIDEO FOR MORE)

"Shock! Horror! Jesus' Wife!" (3-minute video)

by Lutheran Satire

Still Looking?....
*Extensive bibliographies on Gnosticism and the different gnostic sects (and other heresies of the early church) at EarlyChurch.org.uk.
*Lots of resources for studying Apocrypha & Pseudepigrapha.
*Check out the lists of General Resources, resources on the Gospel of Thomas, and Audio and Video at New Testament Gateway (part of a large directory of academic internet resources, though sadly lacking in some of the best evangelical scholarship).

Painting by Pieter Lastman (1616) Image Source

WORKS OF 20TH CENTURY APOLOGISTS: Resources for Study

Below are links to the works of 20th Century apologists who have died and now have no need for apologetics (1 Corinthians 13:8-12). :)

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*NOTE: Clicking on the apologist's name (when available) will take you to the search results at the University of Pennsylvania's "Online Book" search.

• RAVI ZACHARIAS (1946-2020). Biography, etc. of Ravi at RZIM. Bibliography at Faith Thinkers.
• ROBERT DICK WILSON (1856-1930). Wilson was an Old Testament scholar and defender of the text and historicity of the Old Testament. He was an incredibly gifted linguist who knew 45 languages (26 related to the study of the Old Testament). Check out this 4-minute video about Wilson by Josh McDowell. A brief biography and bibliography at Wikipedia. A 16-page biography by Brian Nicks in The Master's Seminary Journal. A complete chronological bibliography of Wilson's works at the website of the Presbyterian Church in America Historical Center. Wilson's best known work: A Scientific Investigation of the Old Testament, which can be found FREE here.
• Sir William Mitchell Ramsay (1851-1939). Highly recommended is Ramsay's magnum Opus: St. Paul the Traveler and the Roman Citizen  (1895, 1907) which is FREE at Christian Classics Ethereal Library, where you will also find a nice summary of the book and a short biography of Ramsay. And here is a short article by Don Stewart quoting from this book and showing how Sir William Ramsay is related to settling the question of the historicity of Acts. Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar -- A Survey of His Contribution to the Study of the New Testament by W. Ward Gasque, an excellent 95-page book about Ramsay and his contribution to New Testament study--available in a FREE PDF file. (NOTE: The link for the PDF file of the book is located below the title and publisher's info and immediately above the Table of Contents.) For a list of his later writings see "The Later Ramsay: A Supplementary Bibliography of the Published Writings of Sir William Mitchell Ramsay" by Colin J. Hemer
• GLEASON ARCHER (1916-2004). A brief biography and bibliography. Archer's biography printed in memorial in the Journal of The Evangelical Theological Society. Dr. Archer "Lectures on Assumed Errors in the Old Testament."
• F.F. BRUCE (1910-1990). "Theology on the Web" hosts an extensive list of his works (with links and many FREE pdf files). "Theopedia" has a brief biography and other resources for Bruce.
• G.K. CHESTERTON (1874-1936). Chesterton was one of the great writers of the early 20th Century and had a huge influence on C.S. Lewis. He is well known for his works of apologetics, especially Orthodoxy (also on Kindle or audiobook), The Everlasting Man (also on audio), and Heretics (available on Kindle at Amazon or Audiobook from Librivox). But he is also well known for his poetry and fiction, especially his "Father Brown" mysteries, which have been adapted for television. You can find 49 of his works in audiobook at Librivox. A brief biography, list of quotes and collection of his works is found at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. There is a wealth of information about Chesterton and his writings at The American Chesterton Society (including some notable theological essays). Christian History Magazine has an entire issue devoted to Chesterton (which is FREE in PDF). A critique of Chesterton that I found in the November 25, 1905 issue of The Outlook.
• DONALD GUTHRIE (1916-1992). "Theology on the Web" has a significant bibliography for Guthrie (with links and FREE pdf files). Guthrie was one of the great New Testament scholars of the 20th Century. Of particular interest are his articles on "The Development of the Idea of Canonical Pseudopigraphy in New Testament Criticism," "Dilemmas in New Testament Criticism" and "Biblical Authority and New Testament Scholarship." A brief biography and more extensive bibliography can be found at "Reformed Churchmen.
• COLIN J. HEMER (1930-1987). "Theology on the Web" has a substantial bibliography for Hemer (with links and FREE pdf files). I also found this brief biography/obituary of Hemer written by D.A. Carson.
• CARL F. HENRY (1913-2003). "Theology on the Web" has a substantial bibliography for Henry (with links and FREE pdf files). A biography of Henry can be found at Christianity Today (of which he was the first editor). "Theopedia" has a brief page for Henry. A much more concise biography is hosted at Wheaton College (Henry's alma mater).
• C.S. LEWIS (1898-1963). Audiobooks of God in the Dock, Letters to Malcolm, The Weight of Glory, and What Christians Believe are all FREE. The audiobook version of The Pilgrim's Regress is FREE at YouTube. And his classic The Abolition of Man is FREE here. Mere Christianity is available for FREE in ebook or audiobook. Perhaps no other book written in the 20th Century has had a greater impact than this classic. Mere Christianity was chosen as one of the top 25 Christian books of all time by Christian History Magazine, which devoted an article to it that serves as a very nice introduction. You can find a brief biography of Lewis (and much more) here. Find his important article "Modern Theology and Biblical Criticism" here (also titled "Fern-seeds and Elephants and Other Essays on Christianity".  A very large number of articles, essays, etc. by and about Lewis are hosted in the "C.S. Lewis Reading Room." Christian History Magazine has two entire issues (#7 & #88) devoted to Lewis (which are FREE in PDF). And Hillsdale College has a FREE online course on Lewis. Lewis' Life & Works and Annotated Bibliography at the C.S. Lewis Institute. "Theology on the Web" also has a brief bibliography with links. And "Theopedia" has a large page of various resources. A nice Timeline of Lewis' life  is at "The Official Web Site of C.S. Lewis."
• J. GRESHAM MACHEN (1881-1937). Find Machen's Christianity and Liberalism 
  available for FREE in ebook or audiobook or read online or for 99 cents on Kindle. Machen was one of the great scholars of the early 20th Century. (I cut my teeth on his New Testament Greek for Beginners during my first year of Greek.) He recognized the Trojan Horse of liberalism and wrote this prophetic classic to awake the Church. "Theopedia" has an excellent page of resources for Machen. "Theology on the Web" hosts a nice bibliography of Machen (with links and FREE pdf files). A brief biography of Machen can be found here. 
• WALTER R. MARTIN (1928-1989). Martin was a popular apologist and leading expert on the cults. He founded the Christian Research Institute (CRI) in 1960. He was probably best known for his classic book Kingdom of the Cults and for his role as "The Bible Answer Man" (succeeded by Hank Hanegraaff). There are two websites that archive things about his life and work: Walter Martin's Religious InfoNet and Walter Martin Jude 3. Theopedia has an excellent page of resources about him. There are also YouTubes of his lectures available.
• RONALD NASH (1936-2006). Nash was a brilliant and witty professor of philosophy and an author. None of his books are in the public domain but eight of his excellent seminary courses are archived in audio at Biblical Training. And you can find a brief biography of Nash, bibliographies, and other resources here.
• JOHN BARTON PAYNE (1922-1979). "Theology on the Web" has a substantial bibliography for Payne (with links). A brief biography of Payne and an excerpt from one of his sermons.
• SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY (1851-1939). I highly recommend St. Paul the Traveler and the Roman Citizen  (1895, 1907), which is FREE at Christian Classics Ethereal Library, where you will also find a nice summary of the book and a short biography of Ramsay. And here is a short article by Don Stewart quoting from this book and showing how Sir William Ramsay is related to settling the question of the historicity of Acts.
• FRANCIS SCHAEFFER (1912-1984). "The Real Francis Schaeffer" is a 57-minute talk by 3 different speakers who knew him. "Francis Schaeffer's 'True Truth'" is a 39-minute audio by Os Guiness. FrancisSchaefferStudies.org is a website dedicated to the study of the works of Francis and Edith Schaeffer--an amazing resource! "Theology on the Web" has a significant bibliography for Schaeffer (with links). And "Theopedia" also has an excellent variety of resources. Also see MOODY'S archive of 88 lectures by Francis Schaeffer.
• B.B. WARFIELD (1851-1921). "Theology on the Web" hosts an significant list of his works (with links and many FREE pdf files). The B.B. Warfield website is definitely worth checking out. A FREE version of Warfield's The Canon of the New Testament: How and When Formed. An article written with Archibald Hodge on the inspiration of Scripture. "Theopedia" has a biography and other resources for Warfield. 
• R.A. TORREY (1856-1928). An excellent biography of Torrey. Other biographical resources. Torrey edited The Fundamentals, a classic 4-volume defense of the faith published between 1910 and 1916, to which he contributed the following essay: "The Deity of Jesus Christ." More info about this work at Theopedia and this article: "The Untold Story of the Fundamentals." Also see: "Ten Reasons Why I Believe the Bible Is the Word of God" (1891).
• Digital Public Library of America has 51 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--20th Century."
• Digital Public Library of America has 15 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--20th Century."
• The Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania) has 2 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--20th Century."

GENERAL
ONLINE RESOURCES
*Works of Dead Apologists: Resources for Study
*Apologetic Methodologies Past and Present: A series of 5 lectures by Phil Fernandes. Part of the Tabor Lecture Series at Western Reformed Seminary. A lot of focus on various apologists of the 20th Century.
*The Library of Historical Apologetics: An excellent resource by Dr. Timothy McGrew.
*"A Course of Readings in Apologetics": Dr. Timothy McGrew's recommended readings include many books from this period.
*"Juridical Apologists 1600-2000 AD: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay" by Philip Johnson
*Dead Apologists Society: An evangelical Facebook group for discussing the works of past apologists. I encourage you to join.
*The Biblical Legacy of Old Princeton: A lecture from the Tabor Lecture Series at Western Reformed Seminary.
*Top 10 *FREE* Classic Apologetics Books in ebook and audio
*Brief profiles of apologists from the past at Apologetics315


BOOKS
*A History of Apologetics by Avery Cardinal Dulles. You can find a 3-part review of this book here.
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 1, To 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 2, From 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint
*Christian Apologetics: An Anthology of Primary Sources, edited by Khaldoun A. Sweis and Chad V. Meister

WORKS OF 18TH CENTURY APOLOGISTS: Resources for Study

Below are links to the works of 18th Century apologists, which are FREE!....

Most of the questions and allegations brought against Christianity today were already answered soundly by these brilliant and godly men. 

~~~~*********~~~~

*Clicking on the apologist's name will take you to the search results at the University of Pennsylvania's "Online Book" search.

APOLOGISTS OF THE ERA

• Joseph Butler (1692-1752). The Analogy of Religion is recommended reading by Dr. Timothy McGrew and there is a brief summary of the book and links to find it online at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• William Paley (1743-1805). A View of The Evidences of Christianity is "mandatory" reading by Dr. Timothy McGrew and there is a brief summary of the book and links to find it online at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• George Campbell (1719-1796). A Dissertation on Miracles is recommended reading by Dr. Timothy McGrew and there is a brief summary of the book and links to find it online at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• Nathaniel Lardner (1684-1768). An introduction and links to Credibility of the Gospel History is available at the Library of Historical Apologetics. Dr. McGrew calls this massive work "the apologetic masterpiece of the 18th Century."
• William Adams (1706-1789). An introduction and links to An Essay on Mr. Hume's Essay on Miracles is available at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• Thomas Sherlock (1678-1761). An introduction and links to The Trial of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus is available at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Find his Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, The Freedom of Man and the Problem of Evil (1710) FREE at title link and also here.
• Digital Public Library of America has 75 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--18th Century."
• Resources for 18th Century Philosophers (Hume, Locke, Voltaire, Berkeley, Bentham, Spinoza, etc.)

GENERAL
ONLINE RESOURCES
*Works of Dead Apologists: Resources for Study
*The Library of Historical Apologetics: An excellent resource by Dr. Timothy McGrew.
*"A Course of Readings in Apologetics": Dr. Timothy McGrew's recommended readings include many books from this period.
*"Juridical Apologists 1600-2000 AD: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay" by Philip Johnson
*Dead Apologists Society: An evangelical Facebook group for discussing the works of past apologists. I encourage you to join.
*Top 10 *FREE* Classic Apologetics Books in ebook and audio
*Brief profiles of apologists from the past at Apologetics315

BOOKS
*A History of Apologetics by Avery Cardinal Dulles. You can find a 3-part review of this book here.
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 1, To 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 2, From 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint

*Christian Apologetics: An Anthology of Primary Sources, edited by Khaldoun A. Sweis and Chad V. Meister

*I have plans to greatly expand this page, so keep coming back.

WORKS OF 19TH CENTURY APOLOGISTS: Resources for Study

Below are links to the works of 19th Century apologists which are FREE!....

Most of the questions and allegations brought against Christianity today were already answered soundly by these brilliant and godly men. 

~~~~*********~~~~

*NOTE: Clicking on the apologist's name will take you to the search results at the University of Pennsylvania's "Online Book" search.

APOLOGISTS OF THE ERA

• Edmund Hatch Bennett (1824-1898). An introduction and links to The Four Gospels from a Lawyer's Standpoint is available at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• Thomas Cooper (1805-1892). The Bridge of History Over The Gulf of Time (also available for FREE in audiobook) is recommended reading by Dr. Timothy McGrew. This great little book is a unique apologetic argument written in the 19th Century by a man who became a hardened and outspoken skeptic. But when he came to Christ, he became a very powerful and tireless defender of the Gospel. An excellent article-length biography of Cooper (with a nice selected bibliography) can be found at McGrew's Library of Historical Apologetics. Cooper also wrote a book-length autiobiography. 
• Franz Delitzsch (1813-1890). The Old Testament commentary produced by Delitzsch and C.F. Keil is perhaps the best ever published. A brief introduction and biography of Keil and Delitzsch is found at SwordSearcher. Delitzsch also produced two works on Messianic prophecy, including: Messianic Prophecies in Historical Succession and Messianic Prophecies: Lectures.
• Alfred Edersheim (1825-1889). The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah (2 volumes). Part of this work is dedicated to Messianic Prophecy. Of special note is Chapter V: "What Messiah Did the Jews Expect?" (Vol. 1: p.160-179), Appendix VIII: "Rabbinic Traditions About Elijah, The Forerunner of the Messiah," and Appendix IX: "List of Old Testament Passages Messianically Applied in Ancient Rabbinic Writings." Prophecy and History in Relation to the Messiah. The Warburton Lectures for 1880-1884. A concise biography of Edersheim is found at CCEL. At this same link, you will find brief introductions to three of his most important works, which are also hosted there.
• George Park Fisher (1827-1909). Highly recommended: Manual of Christian Evidences (1888, 1892), a brief and brilliant guide to defending the Christian faith--a true gem. Written by a great scholar but for a popular audience. J.W. Wartick has a series of blog posts for this book. You can find a brief biography of Fisher at CCEL and from the 1879 American Cyclopaedia. A slightly longer bio is available from the December 1, 1916 issue of Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Volume 51..
• Thomas Hartwell Horne (1780-1862). Highly recommended: An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (1834, 1863). An excerpt from this work and a brief biography of Horne can be found can  be found at the Library of Historical Apologetics. Also found there is a concise guide to the apologetic contributions of this book. Also see here and here.
• Stanley Leathes (1830-1900). Recommended for studying Messianic prophecy: Old Testament Prophecy: Its Witness as a Record of Divine Foreknowledge (The Warburton Lectures for 1876-80) and The Witness of the Old Testament to Christ  (The Boyle Lectures for 1868). His biography from the 1901 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
• J.B. (Joseph Barber) Lightfoot (1828-1889). Considered the greatest scholar of the New Testament and the early church of his era and still has a significant impact to this day. The standard critical edition of the Apostolic Fathers is based on his work. Although all of his work is in some way a defense of the New Testament, two works have explicit apologetic emphasis: Essays on the Work Entitled Supernatural Religion and Biblical Essays (to which the first three chapters are a defense of the genuineness of the Gospel of John). A brief biography can be found at The Anglican Library. A more substantial biography (3 pages) by F.F. Bruce can be found as a PDF housed at BiblicalStudies.org.
• Sir William Mitchell Ramsay (1851-1939). Highly recommended is Ramsay's magnum Opus: St. Paul the Traveler and the Roman Citizen  (1895, 1907) which is FREE at Christian Classics Ethereal Library, where you will also find a nice summary of the book and a short biography of Ramsay. And here is a short article by Don Stewart quoting from this book and showing how Sir William Ramsay is related to settling the question of the historicity of Acts. Sir William M. Ramsay: Archaeologist and New Testament Scholar -- A Survey of His Contribution to the Study of the New Testament by W. Ward Gasque, an excellent 95-page book about Ramsay and his contribution to New Testament study--available in a FREE PDF file. (NOTE: The link for the PDF file of the book is located below the title and publisher's info and immediately above the Table of Contents.) For a list of his later writings see "The Later Ramsay: A Supplementary Bibliography of the Published Writings of Sir William Mitchell Ramsay" by Colin J. Hemer
• J.C. Ryle (1816-1900). One of the great preachers and Christian thinkers of the 19th Century. In his book Old Paths, he confronts the liberal "Christian" movement (whose heirs today often call themselves "progressive Christians") that was beginning to have great influence and would sadly soon take over the mainline denominations. See a brief biography of Ryle here with links to much more (including an audio biography). I highly recommend Old Paths: Being Plain Statements of Some of the Weightier Matters of Christianity (99 cents on Kindle). FREE at Internet Archive and Monergism. FREE audio at Internet Archive (or Librivox app). You will also want to check out his Expository Thoughts on the Gospels:
• *Expository Thoughts on Matthew by J.C. Ryle. (After clicking on the link to the FREE PDF version, scroll down in the PDF file to find "Expository Thoughts on Luke.") If you want a commentary that will fill your mind with wisdom, application and fire, this is it. Also FREE in audio....or on the Librivox app. FREE PDF at Internet Archive also. Paperback and FREE Kindle version at Amazon. 
• *Expository Thoughts on Mark by J.C. Ryle. (After clicking on the link to the FREE PDF version, scroll down in the PDF file to find "Expository Thoughts on Luke.") If you want a commentary that will fill your mind with wisdom, application and fire, this is it. Also FREE in audio....or on the Librivox app. FREE PDF at Internet Archive also. Paperback and FREE Kindle version at Amazon. 
• *Expository Thoughts on Luke by J.C. Ryle. (After clicking on the link to the FREE PDF version, scroll down in the PDF file to find "Expository Thoughts on Luke.") If you want a commentary that will fill your mind with wisdom, application and fire, this is it. Also FREE in audio in 2 volumes: Volume 1 & Volume 2....or on the Librivox app. FREE PDF at Internet Archive: Volume 1 and Volume 2. Paperback and FREE Kindle version at Amazon. 
• *Expository Thoughts on John by J.C. Ryle. (After clicking on the link to the FREE PDF version, scroll down in the PDF file to find "Expository Thoughts on Luke.") If you want a commentary that will fill your mind with wisdom, application and fire, this is it. Also FREE in audio in 2 volumes: Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3....or on the Librivox app. FREE PDF at Internet Archive: Volume 1, Volume 2 and Volume 3. Paperback and FREE Kindle version at Amazon. 
• Philip Schaff (1819-1893). Find Schaff's The Person of Christ available for FREE in ebook or audiobook. The full title is The Person of Christ: The Miracle of History. With a Reply to Strauss and Renan, and a Collection of Testimonies of Unbelievers. In my opinion, this great little book has received far too little attention. Schaff is one of the great scholars of the 19th Century. You can find his biography here.
• Constantine von Tischendorf (1815-1874). Tischendorf was one of the great scholars of the 19th Century. He made huge contributions to the textual criticism of the New Testament, including the discovery of the oldest complete manuscript of the New Testament: Codex Sinaiticus. A brief biography can be found here along with his chief apologetic work, Origin of the Four Gospels--which I highly recommend. His book When Were Our Gospels Written? recounts his discovery of Codex Sinaiticus in its first chapter. Also check out this 10-minute video by Daniel Wallace on Tischendorf and his discovery of Codex Sinaiticus...or this longer 55-minute version by Wallace here.
• R.A. Torrey (1856-1928). An excellent biography of Torrey. Other biographical resources. Torrey edited The Fundamentals, a classic 4-volume defense of the faith published between 1910 and 1916, to which he contributed the following essay: "The Deity of Jesus Christ." More info about this work at Theopedia and this article: "The Untold Story of the Fundamentals." Also see: "Ten Reasons Why I Believe the Bible Is the Word of God" (1891).
• Samuel Prideaux Tregelles (1813-1875). Highly recommended: A Lecture on the Historic Evidence of The Authorship and Transmission of the Books of the New Testament (1852). Lucidly and cogently written by an eminent 19th Century scholar. A brief biography and overview of his greatest scholarly accomplishment are found at The Center for The Study of New Testament Manuscripts (and a slightly longer biography here).
• Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901): An introduction and links to The Gospel of the Resurrection are available at the Library of Historical Apologetics.
• Elizabeth Jane Whately (1822-1893). A brief biography, excellent quote and link to her single apologetic work (How to Answer Objections to Revealed Religion) are found at the Library of Historical Apologetics.

GENERAL
ONLINE RESOURCES
*Works of Dead Apologists: Resources for Study
*The Library of Historical Apologetics: An excellent resource by Dr. Timothy McGrew.
*"A Course of Readings in Apologetics": Dr. Timothy McGrew's recommended readings include many books from this period.
*"Juridical Apologists 1600-2000 AD: A Bio-Bibliographical Essay" by Philip Johnson
*Dead Apologists Society: An evangelical Facebook group for discussing the works of past apologists. I encourage you to join.
*The Biblical Legacy of Old Princeton: A lecture from the Tabor Lecture Series at Western Reformed Seminary.
*Top 10 *FREE* Classic Apologetics Books in ebook and audio

*Log College Press has several FREE books and articles by apologists of the 19th Centurty....
*Digital Public Library of America has 198 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--19th Century."
*The Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania) has 14 ebooks in the category "Apologetics--History--19th Century."

BOOKS
*A History of Apologetics by Avery Cardinal Dulles. You can find a 3-part review of this book here.
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 1, To 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint
*Christian Apologetics Past and Present (Volume 2, From 1500 AD): A Primary Source Reader, edited by William Edgar and K. Scott Oliphint

*Christian Apologetics: An Anthology of Primary Sources, edited by Khaldoun A. Sweis and Chad V. Meister

*I have plans to greatly expand this page, so keep coming back.

Samuel Prideaux Tregelles